In 2013 DSM-5 created a new category called “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders,” in which PTSD is now classified. In 1994, the DSM-IV classified PTSD under Anxiety Disorders. The criteria reflected the view that the symptoms occurred as a result of exposure to a significant stressor, and not due the individual. In the third revision (DSM III, APS, 1980) following the Vietnam War, the term PTSD was introduced for the first time. 48), and the etiology of the symptoms was linked the individual, not the event, as it was believed that “if the patient has good adaptive capacity his symptoms usually recede as the stress diminishes.” (Schubert & Lee, 2009) The DSM-II referred to PTSD-like symptoms as “transient situational disturbance” (p. In 1968 the second DSM was published (DSM-II APA, 1968) and the diagnosis of gross stress reaction was omitted. The main causal factor was listed as stressful environmental events, such as natural disasters or war. American Psychiatric Association, 1952), and what is now known as PTSD was labelled “gross stress reaction”. The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was published in 1952 (DSM-I 1st ed. John Erichsen also went on to note that it was not a phenomenon exclusive to railway collisions “I will not confine my illustrations to cases drawn from railway accidents only, but will show you that precisely the same effects may result from other and more ordinary injuries of civil life.” (pg 22 Erichsen 1867). Railway collisions were relatively common for the time. One of the earliest recorded scientific presentations about the phenomenon we now know as PTSD was in 1867 where the phenomenon was referred to as ‘Railway Spine’ and outlined as something “sustained by passengers who have been subjected to the violent shock of a railway collision” (pg2 Erichsen 1867). Long before WW1, it is believed that Shakespeare provided historical descriptions of PTSD in his writing, which dates to approximately 1597 (Shay 1994). What follows is a brief summary of the changes in the formal psychiatric diagnostic criteria, although long before these criteria existed, people recognised these symptoms as evidenced by how the term shell-shock entered the vernacular following WW1. These differences reflect factors such as socio-cultural and political changes, as well as developments in evidence-based understanding of trauma and its sequalae.
If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder.The diagnosis of PTSD has seen several iterations over the decades. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.Ĭ. is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 yearsī. has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home (or once without returning for a lengthy period)ġ5.
often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 yearsġ4. has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering forgery)ġ3. often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., “cons” others)ġ2. has broken into someone else’s house, building, or carġ1. has deliberately destroyed others’ property (other than by fire setting)ġ0. has forced someone into sexual activityĨ has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damageĩ. has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery)ħ. has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun)Ħ. often bullies, threatens, or intimidates othersģ. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following 15 criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:ġ. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:Ī.
Disorder Class: Attention deficit and disruptive behavior disordersĭisorder Class: Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct DisordersĪ.